{"id":15381,"date":"2014-10-05T15:03:12","date_gmt":"2014-10-05T19:03:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/getitright.pmss.net\/?page_id=15381"},"modified":"2020-07-30T17:57:31","modified_gmt":"2020-07-30T21:57:31","slug":"katherine-pettit-weaving","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/staging.pinemountainsettlement.net\/?page_id=15381","title":{"rendered":"KATHERINE PETTIT – Weaving at PMSS – Beginnings"},"content":{"rendered":"
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WEAVING AT PMSS \u2013 BEGINNINGS<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
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One might say that Pine Mountain Settlement School was\u00a0conceived\u00a0among coverlets. Weaving at the\u00a0School certainly was encouraged by the\u00a0re-discovery of the craft of coverlet weaving and the enthusiastic collecting of mountain weaving near the turn of the last century. Katherine Pettit<\/a>, founder of Pine Mountain Settlement School and earlier of Hindman Settlement School, was an avid collector of \u201ckivers.”\u00a0Her interest in the exquisite craft of coverlet weaving kept her roaming the mountains in the early years of the twentieth century in search of new patterns and techniques. It was the search for beautiful mountain \u201ckivers\u201d that brought\u00a0Pettit journeying across the Eastern Kentucky region and eventually to the Pine Mountain valley in Harlan County, Kentucky. There, in the long\u00a0valley on the north side of the Pine Mountain she established one of the most unique of the Appalachian rural settlement schools.<\/p>\n

THE SEARCH FOR COVERLETS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pettit began her search for coverlets when she was at\u00a0Hindman in Knott county where, with May Stone,\u00a0she had established a rural settlement school. Her work there established her first major contacts with the people of Eastern Kentucky’s counties, particularly Perry, Leslie, Letcher, Knott, and Harlan. Even before the founding of Hindman, in 1901, Pettit was into her third summer season\u00a0in the eastern Kentucky mountains at a location\u00a0known as \u201cSassafras.”\u00a0She and her adventuresome colleagues came to the area and set up a camp, first at Hazard (Camp Cedar Grove) where they offered summer educational programs. And, later at Sassafras. She and her colleagues often journeyed by horseback to many of the remote valleys and hollows of nearby Harlan, Perry and Letcher counties to familiarize themselves with the people and frequently she came into contact with mountain weavers. She soon became enchanted by the mountain craft and began to search for coverlets to purchase. She also found her interest in the craft gave her a sound introduction to the people and to mountain living and families. What she learned in these horse-back journeys, created a life-long commitment to\u00a0the region and its needs.<\/p>\n

While looking for homespun coverlets she discovered more than the coverlet. She discovered the weavers and their humble but rich skills, their ancient culture, and their stoic resourcefulness. She talked to the subsistence farmers who raised flax for weaving and sheep for shearing. She watched as women dyed, carded and spun wool and flax. Theirs was a life-style that she would soon come to cherish, partially adopt but\u00a0commit to \u201craising up.”<\/p>\n

\"Vl_35_1127a\"<\/p>\n

FOUNDING THE PINE MOUNTAIN SETTLEMENT SCHOOL<\/strong><\/p>\n

Soon overwhelmed by the rapid industrialization of the region near Hindman and the many negative impacts the railroad brought into\u00a0the region, Pettit turned her sights to the more remote areas of eastern Kentucky. In Harlan county she found the distance from the rapidly industrializing world she desired and a community that was receptive to the educational ideas she had explored in\u00a0her Hindman Settlement School experiences. She rapidly reached out to her many contacts in the Blue Grass, to women’s clubs in Kentucky and the Northeast\u00a0and to the many friends\u00a0she had made at Hindman. At Pine Mountain she soon established a rustic home and began the process of building another settlement\u00a0school dedicated to serving the people of the remote Pine Mountain valley and nearby hollows. Her retreat to the more remote location did not, however, indicate that she become a recluse.<\/p>\n

When she came to Pine Mountain in 1913, she sought\u00a0the help of William Creech<\/a>\u00a0and the families living in the surrounding valley. She also brought Ethel de Long<\/a>\u00a0from Hindman as a co-founder and director of educational programs and the two established\u00a0a school founded on the principles of the more urban settlement houses found in Chicago, New York, Boston and their experience at Hindman. Pettit and de Long\u00a0recruited educators and workers from the urban settlement schools and women\u2019s colleges and sowed the seeds for\u00a0a\u00a0remarkably\u00a0progressive educational program.<\/p>\n

What grew in the long Pine Mountain valley was a settlement school that adopted a unique response to the urban settlement house ethos. Weaving was central to that ethos. While weaving in the urban settlements often depended on teaching weaving that was modeled\u00a0on practices found in the Arts and Craft\u2019s Movement and in Scandinavian models, Pettit\u2019s models for instruction were taken directly from the surrounding community. Her models were already established in the mountains of Kentucky and other areas of the Southern Appalachians and the origins were clearly much older and more unique than the popular models of the Arts and Crafts Movement and the Scandinavian models. Weaving for Pettit and for the Pine Mountain community was an integral part of the region’s life. It was a response to the legacy of the many mountain families whose lives still had strong roots in pioneering and subsistence farming reminiscent of\u00a0the earliest settlers of the region. The weaving carried their memory of the life of their ancestors in Scotland, England, Ireland, France, Germany and other European countries as did their tools and their practice. The demands of a rural environment had kept alive many of the traditional cultural skills in the households of many families in the Pine Mountain valley and surrounding region. Pettit recognized this gift on her doorstep but was soon challenged by\u00a0the mandate to keep\u00a0the cultural heritage alive but to combine it with a viable economic program for “raising-up” a people who were still in a pioneering and subsistence mode.<\/p>\n

WEAVING AND FARMING<\/strong><\/p>\n

Farming was another foundational principle Pettit\u00a0integrated into the new School\u2019s core mission. Weaving and farming\u00a0go together well and well they served Pine Mountain Settlement and its community for many years. From “Uncle” William Creech<\/a>, the generous donor of land for the School, Pettit learned about the hard-scrabble work of flax farming. From “Aunt” Sal<\/a>, his wife, she learned about local wool processing practice. Her staff and early students became active participants in both the farming practice and the weaving practice of local families. The School shared labor with the community and. more importantly, shared knowledge.<\/p>\n

Pettit\u2019s interest and promotion of weaving pre-dates the important work of Eliza Calver Hall and her 1912, A Book of Hand-Woven Coverlets. <\/em>No\u00a0<\/em>doubt Pettit was strongly influenced by Hall\u2019s book, which she owned, and later the work of the weaver Anna Ernberg\u00a0who had assumed the position of\u00a0superintendent of Fireside Industries at Berea College, Kentucky in 1911, but she was embedded\u00a0in the idea of weaving and settlement-work much earlier. She had deep connections with other women who helped\u00a0shape mountain weaving into\u00a0cottage industries and economic models for Appalachian craft.<\/p>\n

Pettit made the Pine Mountain valley and the Settlement School her home and along with Ethel de Long, whom she had recruited away from Hindman Settlement School, she proceeded\u00a0to build her school. Pettit’s interests were with the “hands-on” practices of the community, and de Long was masterful at implementing a robust educational program. Pine Mountain soon became one of the most unique\u00a0and viable\u00a0of the Southern Appalachian rural settlement schools. Today\u00a0the farm still produces food through the seasons and the sound of the batten, weaving away, has rarely ceased its tempo.<\/p>\n

CHANGE and CHALLENGE<\/strong><\/p>\n

At Pine Mountain Pettit and her staff clearly loved and hated the\u00a0isolation of the mountains but Pettit challenged her staff and the people of the region to look beyond the walls of mountains surrounding their valley. She challenged them to carefully evaluate the flood of ideas, economies, and beliefs that could prepare the people of the region for the inevitable changes coming to the mountains. Following the turn of the century industrialization was moving ever closer to the Pine Mountain valley. For a time a small railroad ran right through the center of the School and carried timber\u00a0from the surrounding mountains to mills across the steep Pine Mountain. Pettit was not successful in stopping the movement of timber across the School land but tolerated the short-term contract. As the\u00a0rapid and rapacious appetite for forest and mineral grew,\u00a0Pettit recognized the need to develop a marketing strategy for mountain crafts that would bring money into the area but would not destroy the environment, particularly the land held by the School. Weaving was part of her plan at \u201craising-up\u201d the mountain people and she set about finding looms, building looms and establishing weaving as part of the School program.<\/p>\n

100 YEARS OF HISTORY 1913-2013<\/strong><\/p>\n

Founded in 1913, Pine Mountain celebrated\u00a0its 100th year of existence in 2013. Katherine Pettit retired from the School in 1936 but the School\u00a0archive contains\u00a0numerous directives, letters, invective, and suggestions that show her intense connection\u00a0to the School until her death in 1938. The models of education, farming, health-care, and civic responsibility that Pettit and others at the School provided the people of this long valley in Eastern Kentucky and to\u00a0the state, yielded\u00a0a rich future while preserving the best of the earlier cultural legacy. Weaving at Pine Mountain has had a continuous association with the School since its founding and today it continues to inspire ideas and pride in it weavers and workers.<\/p>\n

The beautiful homespun coverlets discovered by Pettit on her mountain rambles and which became a\u00a0visual passion for Pettit and for others who saw them, gave birth to any number of creative ideas in the first several decades of Pine Mountain. It is impossible not to have\u00a0a deep appreciation for the skill and artistry of the craft of weaving and for the women and men who wove the exquisite and complicated patterns found in Pettit\u2019s collection of coverlets. Such skill and artistry signaled the rich potential of the people of the area. The mountain coverlet in all its complexity and subtle colors, has a deep and extended history in the lives of mountain families with a weft that stretches back to Ireland and to Scotland, to France and to England. The coverlet is a visual testimony to the people\u2019s deep intelligence, creativity and manual skills, Often described as \u201casleep\u201d, \u201capart\u201d, \u201clazy\u201d, \u201cdull\u201d, or worse, the early mountain weavers testify against these regional stereotypes. They produced some of the most elegant and complex and extensive repertoire of weaving found in the country. Their coverlets and Pettit and Pine Mountain all came together at just the right time and in the right place. The Pine Mountain archive has long been the keeper of much of the history of the exquisite legacy of weaving in the Kentucky mountains.<\/p>\n

From THE KATHERINE PETTIT BOOK OF DYES<\/a> that details vegetable dying, to implements that convey the tactile\u00a0activity of the weaver\u2019s art, to correspondence related to marketing\u00a0of mountain craft, to the intimate stories of times spent\u00a0in homes where weaving was done, \u2014 the archives at the School\u00a0are rich in weaving lore and history.<\/p>\n

THE BODLEY-BULLOCK COVERLET COLLECTION<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shortly before Katherine Pettit died she left some of her collection to Pine Mountain Settlement School and donated the remainder\u00a0in May of 1936 to the Bradford Club of Lexington, Kentucky. Eventually the collections found their way into the holdings of Transylvania\u00a0College by way of the\u00a0historic home owned by the college, the Bodley-Bullock House on Gratz Park in Lexington. The Bullocks were Pettit\u2019s relatives. Dr. Waller O. Bullock, Jr. had married Pettit’s younger sister, Minnie Barbee Pettit and in 1912 the couple moved into the house on Gratz Park.\u00a0The home was obviously an active intellectual scene, filled with books and\u00a0art,\u00a0enjoyed by\u00a0the patriarch, Waller O. Bullock, Jr. his wife and children.\u00a0Bullock, Katherine Pettit’s brother-in-law, was a doctor and a sculptor. He knew well the education of\u00a0joining head and hand and heart, and no doubt passed that along to his children. The home, located adjacent to\u00a0one of Lexington\u2019s most impressive parks, Gratz Park, is surrounded by the homes of other intellectual and Progressive elites and was a center of early cultural activity. Individuals such as Henry Clay, the early entrepreneur William Gratz, John Wesley Hunt, the first millionaire west of the Alleghenies, and others had enjoyed the many stately homes on the Park. Pettit often came to stay with the Bullocks and it was there in a small garden apartment that she died in 1936.<\/p>\n

Many of Pettit\u2019s coverlets and textile fragments in both the Pine Mountain collection and the Bodley-Bullock collection\u00a0have histories that, in some cases, go back some 200 years. Some coverlets have well documented stories, and others have their provenance waiting to be discovered by researchers. But, all have a visual presence that cannot be denied and many carry names that suggest ties with life in the family, region, and early nation as well as hints of\u00a0ancient balladry and dance in the British Isles. Many also suggest life on the farm and early pioneer days.<\/p>\n

For example a beautiful peach and vanilla coverlet with a pattern called \u201cKentucky Winding Blades\u201d in the Lexington collection, has the following attached note:<\/p>\n

\u201cThis coverlet was made\u00a0by Granny Stallard\u00a0who was 110 years old when she died about 20 years ago [note:1936]. She sent this with a number of other coverlets and blankets with her great, great grandchildren\u00a0to the Pine Mountain Settlement School to pay for their tuition.\u00a0She said that most of these were made when she was in the ‘rise of her bloom’ \u2014 sixteen years old.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Another textile, un-named, a very worn and modified blanket\/shawl has a badly damaged note that reads:<\/p>\n

\u201cThis shawl was willed to \u2026 Uncle Enoch Combs, when he was a young man, not quite 20. [When he was] starting [for war] his sweetheart Nancy St \u2026 him and gave him this shawl [to ….] him. She told him to f\u2026 [when the] war was over. This he [did ?] \u2026 Uncle Enoch wore the shawl [until he was] an old man with long white [hair].”<\/em><\/p>\n

Even this fragmented note tells of a very precious warp that is woven with the weft of memories; love, and loss and return and loss, again. So many of the weavings of Appalachia have these stories. They speak to what Eliza Calvert Hall calls the \u201cTime Spirit\u201d in her important 1912 book, The Book of Handwoven Coverlets<\/em>. [1] The \u201ctime spirit\u201d is found in\u00a0that object that cannot be handled without recalling the life of the past. Many of the names of the coverlets speak to the past times. Stories, such as \u201cYoung Lady\u2019s Perplexiuty,\u201d [sic]\u00a0\u201cLonely Heart,\u201d \u201cYouth and Beauty,\u201d \u201cCatch Me If You Can,\u201d and \u201cLasting Beauty.”\u00a0 \u201c\u2026Rise of her bloom\u201d is a mountain colloquial reference to the early adolescence of girls\u00a0as it was often in these early years that girls began to learn weaving and to assemble their household\u00a0textiles for later marriage and home-building. It can quickly be deduced that coverlets were often seen as the dowry of young girls. Certainly they were the\u00a0offerings that she carried into her marriage in her \u201cHope Chest.”<\/p>\n

Eliza Calvert Hall has pointed out that the naming of coverlet patterns is a very imprecise practice. She says, \u201d\u2026 a design may have one name in North Carolina another in Kentucky, another in Tennessee, and still another in Virginia, as if it were a criminal fleeing from justice.”\u00a0It is difficult to imagine a more comforting “criminal.”<\/p>\n

THE SASSAFRAS ALBUM<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Enoch Combs [the same as mentioned earlier] and his wife Mary were a childless couple who lived at Sassafras, near Hindman, Pettit’s first school location. The Combs’ were the hosts\u00a0for a group of young women who came to the third and final\u00a0summer camp at Sassafras in Knott county prior to the establishment of\u00a0Hindman Settlement by Pettit and May Stone. Katherine Pettit, of Lexington; Mary E.\u00a0McCartney, of Louisville; May Stone, of Louisville; and\u00a0Rae M. McNab, also of Louisville, traveled into what had become familiar, but still, very rugged mountains of eastern Kentucky. Their summer school at Sassafras in 1901 was the last of a series of summer camps established\u00a0to serve the literacy-poor hollows in Knott County.\u00a0The success of these summer camps and the enthusiasm of Pettit and Stone led them to the foundation\u00a0of a permanent school at Hindman in 1902, the following year.<\/p>\n

The life of the Combs family and their skills at weaving were captured\u00a0in a small album of photographs belonging to Katherine Pettit which she titled\u00a0\u201cThe Social Settlement in the Ky [Kentucky] Mountains, Sassafras, Knott Co[unty]. 1901.\u201d This\u00a0small and fragile album of 27\u00a0pages, held in the Pine Mountain archive, is one of several copies that are found at UNC Chapel HIll and Berea. The album\u00a0shows members of the Combs family and a young lady who was living with the Combs\u2019, shearing their sheep, washing the wool, drying the wool, picking and carding, dying the \u201chanks\u201d, and finally spinning\u00a0the wool to be placed on spindles. The images freeze this valuable pioneer process in time and allow the viewer to understand the many complex tasks associated with the manufacture of textiles in the Southern Appalachians.<\/p>\n

FLAX<\/strong><\/p>\n

The processing of wool is just one of the many complex tasks associated with Appalachian textiles. There is another even more arduous series of processes included in the processing of flax.\u00a0When Katherine Pettit came to Pine Mountain she met \u201cAunt\u201d Sally Creech. In Aunt Sal\u00a0she had one of the finest weavers and spinners as an accomplice in her search for \u201ckivers.\u201d But, she also had a consummate teacher. Aunt Sal was the wife of William Creech, the farmer whose vision of a school caught the imagination of Pettit and whose land formed the basis of the physical site for the Pine Mountain Settlement School. Uncle William grew flax and harvested it to process linen thread. Katherine Pettit provided him with the seeds.<\/p>\n

The elaborate process of flax\u00a0reduction to thread\u00a0was a hold-over from the Ulster-Scot origins of many of the people of the Southern Appalachians. Ulster, in Ireland, had long been a center of linen production in Europe. Flax farming was still a viable\u00a0occupation for the many Scots-Irish-English-French-Cherokee-German and African-American\u00a0families who lived deep in the Appalachian mountains. At\u00a0Pine Mountain, farmers who maintained subsistence farms in the small valley and on the steep slopes near the School sometimes found ways to extend their incomes. Flax was one of the crops that could be turned to income. But, few of these resourceful farmers remained at the turn of the twentieth-century.<\/p>\n

When Pettit arrived in the valley she met families with names like Creech, Boggs, Turner, Couch, Combs, Coots, Day, Hall, and more, suggesting that the population was heavily indebted to England, Ireland and France in its origins. A study of family names could shed light on possible English or Irish or Scotch origins of textile practice, but unlike tracing ballads or dances, or pageants, the trail for textile arts is not well-developed and families migrated to all areas of the British Isles. Yet, the\u00a0production of\u00a0linen thread, an enormously labor intensive and complex process was passed\u00a0along to families, including Uncle William and Aunt Sally Creech at Pine Mountain. The Creeches knew the processes and shared the information with Katherine Pettit. Just how their processes compare to European practice invites further study. Uncle William certainly saw an opportunity to pursue his farming interests, particularly flax, and to combine this with the practice of weaving. Labor in the nearby school was available to him but he also had a sincere desire to improve the production of farm land, to educate, generally, and he, like Aunt Sal, was a consummate teacher. It is clear that he shared these interests in common with Katherine Pettit.<\/p>\n

The raising of flax and its processing for the weaving of linen cloth is another long education and another story. It is evident, however, that farming and weaving and education make good partners, whether, wool, flax, or cotton, \u201cSummer Weave\u201d, \u201cSnail\u2019s Trail,\u201d or Virgil, or Longfellow, the threads come together. It is true that the partnership of farming and weaving can be found repeated throughout the world, but the patterns derived from those partnerships are as diverse as the cultures that created them.<\/p>\n

_____________________________________<\/p>\n

A GALLERY OF APPALACHIAN WEAVERS AND WEAVING<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Vl_34_1089c_mod\"<\/a>\"VI_36_1184c_mod\"<\/a>\"II_5_old_log_office_195\"<\/a>\"Vl_34_1099a_mod\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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See also: <\/strong><\/p>\n

SASSAFRAS ALBUM. 1901<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

CRAFT WORKSHOPS AT PINE MOUNTAIN SETTLEMENT SCHOOL [in progress]<\/p>\n

For a schedule of events at the School, see:
\nhttp:\/\/www.pinemountainsettlementschool.com\/events.php<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

WEAVING AT PMSS \u2013 BEGINNINGS One might say that Pine Mountain Settlement School was\u00a0conceived\u00a0among coverlets. Weaving at the\u00a0School certainly was encouraged by the\u00a0re-discovery of the craft of coverlet weaving and the enthusiastic collecting of mountain weaving near the turn of the last century. Katherine Pettit, founder of Pine Mountain Settlement School and earlier of Hindman […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":424,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15381","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nKATHERINE PETTIT - Weaving at PMSS - Beginnings - PINE MOUNTAIN SETTLEMENT SCHOOL COLLECTIONS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/staging.pinemountainsettlement.net\/?page_id=15381\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"KATHERINE PETTIT - Weaving at PMSS - Beginnings\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"WEAVING AT PMSS \u2013 BEGINNINGS One might say that Pine Mountain Settlement School was\u00a0conceived\u00a0among coverlets. 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