Valuation in 1926 – $6,148<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
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TAGS: <\/b>Infirmary (Hill House), health care, health education, hospital, donors, nurses, doctors, Kentucky Sanitary Closets, Old Log house, smallpox, vaccinations, railroad passes, clinics, Boys House, dentists, quarantine, epidemics, surgeries, extension centers, Doctor\u2019s Cabin, community, West Wind, Spanish influenza<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Infirmary (Hill House). Raking view of entrance.[infirmary.jpg]<\/p><\/div>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n The Infirmary (later known as “Hill House”) was the early center of health care and health education at the Pine Mountain Settlement School. Constructed in 1918 to serve as a central hospital for the School and the outlying areas, the Infirmary was built with memorial gifts from Mrs. A.F(?), Mr. J.G. Seaman, and Mr. W.G. Sewall. Its location is on the south flank of the mountain and commands a long view of the campus below.<\/p>\n It is a two-story building on the north side and a three-story structure on the south side. The construction is board and batten with a sharply sloped gabled roof. The building’s designer is uncertain, though it is most surely Mary Rockwell Hook<\/a>. The current kitchen area appears to have originally sported a gable roof and its awning shaded a long deck that stretched across the south side of the building. The deck has been removed and the windows replaced throughout.<\/p>\n Maya Sudo Album: PMSS Infirmary seen from below, with ladder. [sudo_album_003b.jpg]<\/p><\/div>\n The following is a partial transcription of a narrative by E<\/a><\/strong>velyn K. Wells<\/a><\/strong> from her unpublished early history of the school at Pine Mountain Settlement School. Wells outlines the history of health care at the School from 1914 through 1928:<\/p>\n From the very beginning, emphasis was laid upon constructive health work of all kinds. One of the members of the first School family was\u00a0<\/span>Miss Clara Davis<\/b><\/a>, a nurse, whose\u00a0work was of course mostly in the community, visiting district schools and homes. She laid a foundation of friendly rela\u00adtions with the neighborhood because of her ministrations along lines that everybody could understand. She began the long cam\u00adpaign against such problems as hookworm,\u00a0trachoma, and flies and agitated\u00a0for sanitary closets and quarantine against infectious diseases, to say nothing of preaching against the physical inroads of alcohol and cigarettes.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n During the summers of 1914 and 1915\u00a0Dr. Blanche Epler<\/b>\u00a0** of Kalamazoo, Michigan, spent some weeks at the School as a volunteer worker, helping work out the initial problems of sanitation in the School and the care of the children’s health. Her vigorous personality did much to define\u00a0the health principles of the School from the start. At this time the Kentucky Sanitary Closet was adopted as being the most practical for the School’s\u00a0needs. Later experience has not wholly borne out the wisdom of this choice.<\/em><\/p>\n In the fall of 1915, when\u00a0Far House<\/a>\u00a0was\u00a0ready to live in, Miss de Long<\/a><\/strong> took her children and left Old Log House<\/a>. From then on, until the Infirmary was finished in 1920, Old Log served as the only\u00a0hospital accommodation the School possessed. Old Log’s\u00a0northern room was used as the Office till the summer of 1918 when the first\u00a0Burkham Schoolhouse<\/a>\u00a0was ready. The nurse or doctor used the south\u00adern room, which was also the sitting room for the family; the dog\u00adtrot and loft were its sleeping quarters. The medical staff there\u00adfore had to take care of its patients in their own beds, but dress\u00adings and examinations went on at\u00a0Old Log. In the winter there were all sorts of difficulties, extreme cold, darkness and dampness being the worst to combat. Whenever activities could be transferred to the porch, the nurse felt a tremendous relief.<\/em><\/p>\n Miss Christie<\/b>, the nurse in the fall of 1915, was presented with the problem of dealing with a small-pox epidemic which broke out in the neighborhood. She took care of\u00a0Aunt Sal\u00a0<\/a><\/strong>and\u00a0Columbus Creech<\/a><\/strong>, who were housed during most of the winter’s bad weather. The School had to shift for itself since the nurse was quarantined with the Creeches, and Miss Evelyn K. Wells<\/b>\u00a0and others vaccinated about forty children and workmen. Vaccination was a new thing in those days, and the bad ‘takes’* were accepted sometimes with the bad grace of limited understanding. As, for instance, when\u00a0Oscar Whited,\u00a0a young man of twenty-two or so, ”one of our students, couldn’t bear his sore arm, left his job of breaking flax and went home.” The young worker who had vaccinated him wondered anxiously how he would take his revenge.<\/em><\/p>\n From the spring of 1916 to 1918, when she left for work overseas [to Armenia ?], Dr. Abby H. Little<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>worked “under the picturesque\u00a0difficulties” of life at Old Log House and in the neighborhood. During her stay the School family grew from thirty-five to seventy. Then followed a succession of nurses:\u00a0Miss<\/strong>\u00a0Euphemia Larrabee\u00a0<\/strong>of Boston,\u00a0Miss Margaret Walker<\/a><\/strong>, a Canadian, Mrs.\u00a0Helen Briscoe<\/strong>, here for a few weeks, and\u00a0Miss Frances Lavender<\/strong><\/a>, who was here 1918-1919.<\/em><\/p>\n At the close of Miss Walker<\/strong>‘s stay, Uncle William Creech<\/a> was in his last illness, and she took entire care of him, escorting him to Louisville and staying there till the end of his life. To\u00a0Miss Lavender<\/strong>\u00a0fell the task of caring for the injured children and the shaken School after the Schoolhouse burned in January 1919. The fire destroyed much of our medical equipment, as a small clinic room had been maintained in the Schoolhouse; and afterwards the nurse was forced to return to the hospital\u00a0in Old Log House<\/a> until the Infirmary was ready in 1918 [?].<\/em><\/p>\n Miss Esther Sandstrom<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Miss Charlotte Roderick\u00a0<\/strong>were the last two nurses to work under the old conditions, From 1920 on, the constructive health program moved steadily, with establishment of clinics, building up of underweight children, steady treatment of hookworm, and checking epidemics with increasing ease. The notes of workers’ meetings at this time are filled with health discussions, regulations going into effect, the standardizing of the care of the children in a hundred ways affecting their health. Such obvious rules as [instructing]\u00a0that the children must be\u00a0examined by the nurse before admission to the School, that nobody but the nurse must prescribe for ailing children, that the nurse had regular hours daily for visits from the children, all came to effective enforcement at this time, after years of irregularity and struggle.<\/em><\/p>\n Maya Sudo Album: View of the west flank of PMSS Infirmary with horseback rider (Maya Sudo, nurse). [sudo_album_004.jpg]<\/p><\/div>\n The Infirmary made much possible that [which] had to wait till we had such a building. That sunny, comfortable, adequate house made the greatest difference in the life of the School. Miss Maya Sudo<\/span><\/strong>,<\/a> the Japanese nurse who was here from 1921 to 1924, gave it many of its lasting beautiful touches in the garden and grounds as well as starting it off with its exquisite routine inside.<\/em><\/p>\n Maya Sudo Album: Harriet Butler with group of nurses and other PMSS medical staff, c. 1921. (Maya Sudo is to the far left. [sudo_album_ 024b.jpg]<\/p><\/div>\n Miss Eva Heney<\/b>, who came in 1924 and was here until the winter of 1927, is responsible for its further steady growth. These two long periods of continuous administration of one policy have been fortunate for us. In the Spring of 1927\u00a0and 1928\u00a0Miss Betty Key<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0Miss Marian Purbrick<\/a>\u00a0<\/b>have seen us through many crises. In the winter of 1928 the last ward of the Infirmary was enlarged, and a bathroom was built that included the campus’s\u00a0first indoor toilet.<\/em><\/p>\n **[Dr. Blanche Epler<\/strong> of Kalamazoo, Michigan, later helped to organize the Girl Scouts of Kalamazoo. She practiced in the Hanselman Building in the city and was a well-known figure in the early history of the city.]<\/em><\/p>\n Whenever possible, the nurse has had regular classes in nursing and hygiene. She has always been available for calls out into the country, when we did not need her in the School. Miss Heney’<\/strong>s faithful friendship for the\u00a0Jasper Day<\/a>s<\/b>\u00a0at the head of Gabes branch is typical of the help the School has always tried to render. (See spring letter\u00a0[Dear Friend Letter, 1926<\/a>.)<\/em><\/p>\n A constant stream of children and neighbors has gone down to the hospitals in Louisville, and Lexington for operations and examinations. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad has furnished passes, often issuing one for the nurse or accompanying worker. Clinics at the School have taken care of tonsils and adenoids, eye refractions, dental work. The first clinic was held by the State Board of Health, for hookworm, the first year of the School’s existence. In 1918 a tonsils and adenoids clinic took place at the School and stands out in our minds because of our first experience with a ‘bleeder,” Bonnie Baker. Since then we have always insisted on one of the doctors remaining over with us until all danger of bleeding was over.<\/em><\/p>\n In August 1919 Drs. Velch <\/strong>and Grant<\/strong> of Louisville came for dental work. In November 1922 Dr. Stucky<\/strong> of Lexington and Dr. Day<\/strong> of Pittsburgh came for one of the most ambitious clinics we have had. The Boys House<\/a> was turned into a hospital, and stretched to capacity. In two days the record was:<\/em><\/p>\n Examinations \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0321 Dr. Grant<\/b>\u00a0came again in 1923, and in 1924,\u00a0<\/span>Dr. Day<\/b>\u00a0sent down from Pittsburgh\u00a0<\/span>Drs. McMonigle <\/b>and Black<\/b>. Dentists from Pittsburgh came again in 1925.\u00a0<\/span>Mr. Jaggers<\/b>\u00a0of Louisville came for two years for eye refractions. And one cannot name the doctors in Louisville who have given free treatment to our children, or the friends there who have looked out for them.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n Quarantine of the School in the fall of 1918 prevented a single case of Spanish Influenza from breaking out,\u00a0though the neighbors, showing a low immunity, were ravaged. This was a most effective lesson to everybody on\u00a0the value of quarantine. We have not always been as fortunate in keeping out contagious diseases and measles (1920, with Boys House<\/a> needed to take care of the 40 cases), mumps (worst in 1926, when they overflowed to the Country Cottage<\/a>) and whooping cough (1924) have been our worst epidemics. There have been two deaths from sickness, among the children of the School. In 1923\u00a0<\/span>Harry Callahan\u00a0died of spinal meningitis resulting from severe injuries to the head when he was thrown from a moving train, and in 1924\u00a0<\/span>James Gilbert\u00a0died, also of spinal meningitis.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n There has been a steady decrease in colds and minor epidemics as underweight children have been built up by extra milk, rest [and] other special care, which has reacted upon the physical vigor.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n The nearest approach to a major operation at Pine Mountain was in 1928 when Dr. Todd<\/b>\u00a0came from Lynch and removed liquid from Miss Gallagher’s lungs thereby saving her life in pneumonia. Miss Purbrick<\/strong> and Alice Turner<\/strong> will not soon forget that midnight affair. (In the very real emergencies when we have sent for Dr. Todd<\/b>, he has never once failed to come to us, crossing the mountain usually after dark, often on foot, and in all weathers.)<\/em><\/p>\n The health work of our extension centers is discussed in the section dealing with them. It should be said, however, that the Medical Settlement<\/a> <\/strong>physician,\u00a0Dr. Huse<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0from 1920 to 1924, and since then,\u00a0Dr. Withington<\/a><\/strong>,\u00a0has been in charge of the health policies of the School, the cases of actual sickness, and general direction of the nurse’s work. The doctor has also given the first physical examinations to children entering school.<\/em><\/p>\n Infirmary: DR. KENNETH GOULD<\/strong><\/p>\n Dr. Kenneth N. Gould<\/strong><\/a> was hired by Glyn Morris in February 1932 to meet a growing need in the community for a doctor. Morris gave him full privileges to “Sunny Jim,” the horse used by the medical staff to visit in the community. “Sunny Jim” had a long reputation of stopping suddenly if startled by a loud noise. As a mountain horse, “Sunny Jim” had once been caught in a feud and received a bullet through the nape of his neck making him very skittish around gun-fire.<\/p>\n Gould, according to Morris’ autobiography, Less Traveled Roads<\/em> [p.107] was paid $166.66 per month for his services and lived in the small cabin at the foot of the Infirmary path, sometimes called the “Doctor’s Cabin.”\u00a0 The son of a missionary in India, Gould was also eccentric. According to Morris he enjoyed curds and whey and kept a pet rattlesnake in a cage in his cabin. It was his first post following his graduation from medical school in Louisville and he lasted close to two years. He left in December of 1933.<\/p>\n Infirmary: DR. FRANK W. NEWMAN<\/strong><\/p>\n Dr. Frank W. Newman<\/a>,<\/strong> a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University,\u00a0<\/strong>followed Dr. Gould and brought with him a wife who was trained as a nurse. Elizabeth<\/strong> and Frank had been married only three days before they arrived at the School with the express purpose of gaining experience for an appointment in the foreign missionary work in China. The Newmans left Pine Mountain in 1935 and, in 1936, headed to China. But their timing could not have worse, as the Japanese invaded and the province where they were assigned, Hunan, was particularly devastated. They continued to work in China for about ten years, working in hospitals in various cities, until the establishment of the Communist government made it impossible for them to stay. In 1951 the Newmans and their three children returned to the U.S.<\/p>\n A year later, they were assigned to Cameroon in West Africa, where they successfully established a model clinic and stayed for fifteen years. Morris points out that the Newmans’ work in Cameroon involved establishing a paraprofessional program using locally trained personnel. It was a groundbreaking practice that Morris indicated might have been inspired by the student program at Pine Mountain.<\/p>\n Infirmary: FOUR MORE DOCTORS<\/strong><\/p>\n Four more doctors followed Dr. Newman and all were in training for –or had just returned from — foreign mission work and their stays were also short-lived. One of the doctors was Dr. Wilmer S. Lehman<\/strong>.<\/a><\/p>\n The Tuckers followed Dr. Lehman. Dr. Emma And Dr. Francis Tucker<\/a><\/strong> were forced out of China when the Japanese invaded in 1937. Both doctors are seen in the below image with Grace Feng Liu<\/a><\/strong> who came with them from China.<\/p>\n Dr. Emma and Dr. Francis Tucker, Infirmary doctors, with Grace Feng Liu, nurse, and her family. [rood_030x.jpg]<\/p><\/div>\n Remarkably, the Infirmary was the ONLY medical facility in a 400 -square-mile area in the 1940s. Needs for the clinic were obtained largely through appeals for help from donors. One very generous gift was an X-Ray machine given to the School in 1943 by Miss Elizabeth Kirkland.<\/p>\n The other remarkable fact is that the Infirmary was only a ten-bed hospital for the 400-square-mile area. The service area regularly included the population at the Settlement School, the nearby community and some 250 families in the extended community,<\/p>\n Interior of the Infirmary with Dr. Tucker at center and Nurse Grace Rood to her right. Nurse to her left. Standing in front of the\u00a0fireplace. [rood_021x.jpg]<\/p><\/div>\n To further explore the medical history of programs at the School see:<\/strong><\/p>\n INFIRMARY<\/strong> DOROTHY LaRUE<\/a>, <\/b><\/strong>Nurse MARGARET FROST TWICHELL<\/strong><\/a>, Infirmary Medical Assistant<\/p>\n DENTAL CLINICS<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n MEDICAL, HEALTH AND HYGIENE Guide<\/a> LINE FORK MEDICAL Settlement<\/a> MEDICAL SETTLEMENT – Big Laurel<\/strong><\/a> Butler, Harriet<\/strong><\/a> 1918-23 Nurse
\n![\"Infirmary](\"http:\/\/staging.pinemountainsettlement.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/II_7_infirmary_309-300x229.jpg\")
Infirmary: BUILDING IN 1921<\/strong><\/h3>\n
![\"PMSS](\"http:\/\/staging.pinemountainsettlement.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/sudo_album_003b-1024x681.jpg\")
<\/a>Infirmary: HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE AT PMSS 1914-1928<\/strong><\/h3>\n
![\"PMSS](\"http:\/\/staging.pinemountainsettlement.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/sudo_album_004_mod-1024x776.jpg\")
![\"Maya](\"http:\/\/staging.pinemountainsettlement.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/sudo_album_024b_mod-1024x674.jpg\")
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Eye Refractions \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a038
Operations under anesthetic \u00a083
Other operations\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 35<\/em><\/p>\n
\n![\"Infirmary](\"http:\/\/staging.pinemountainsettlement.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/rood_030x-1024x778.jpg\")
Infirmary: SERVICE AREA OF INFIRMARY<\/h3>\n
![\"rood_021x\"](\"http:\/\/staging.pinemountainsettlement.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/rood_021x-1024x946.jpg\")
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Dr. CLARK BAILEY<\/a><\/strong>
Dr. WALLER O. BULLOCK Jr<\/a>\u00a0
Dr. KENNETH GOULD<\/a><\/strong>
D<\/strong>r. ELIZABETH HENDERSON<\/strong><\/a>
Dr. HOWARD H. INGLING<\/a><\/strong>
Dr. FLORENCE HOUGHTON JONES<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0
Dr. WILMER S. LEHMAN<\/strong><\/a>
Dr. FRANK W. NEWMAN<\/strong><\/a>
D<\/a>r<\/a>s. EMMA & FRANCIS TUCKER<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
GRACE FENG LIU<\/a><\/b>, <\/strong>Nurse
FRANCES LAVENDER<\/a><\/strong>, Nurse
ELIZABETH NEWMAN<\/strong><\/a>, Nurse
GRACE M. ROOD,<\/a><\/strong> Nurse
MARGARET WALKER<\/a><\/strong>, Nurse<\/p>\n
MEDICAL, HEALTH & HYGIENE<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
<\/strong>Dr. LLEWELLA MERROW<\/a>
Dr. IDA STAPLETON<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0
<\/strong><\/p>\n
Huse, Grace<\/a><\/strong> 1918-23 Physician
Little, Abby N.<\/a><\/strong> 1916-18 Physician
Withington, Alfreda<\/strong><\/a> 1924-28 Physician<\/p>\n
Davis, Clara<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>1913-15 Nurse
Lavender, Frances<\/a> <\/strong>1918-19 Nurse
Medcalf, Anne Ruth<\/strong><\/a> 1921-24 Nurse
Palmer, Frances<\/strong><\/a> 1920 Nurse
Skidmore, Mrs. Mary<\/a> <\/strong>1923 Nurse
Sudo, Maya<\/a><\/strong> 1920-21 Nurse
Walker, Margaret<\/a> <\/strong>1917-18 Nurse<\/p>\n